Validity & Reliability

Backed by over 10 years of scientific research and validated against gold-standard biomechanics data.

The Output R&D Process

At Output we are an interdisciplinary team of practitioners, sports-scientists, UX experts and engineers driven to use our unique development process to produce easy-to-use, diversely capable, valid and reliable athlete assessment tools. Our work stems from 2 PhDs and research in Europe’s largest academic data-analytics research centre, the Insight Centre for Data Analytics, which commenced in 2013.

Lab Data Sets

Capture a large reference data-set of gold-standard data from the Biomechanics lab.

Machine-Learning Algorithms

Develop a novel signal-processing and/or machine-learning algorithm.

Real-world Deployment

Continuously refine and iterate every algorithm improve validity and reliability versus gold-standard tools.

Whether it’s VBT, power, movement, balance, agility or any other aspect of performance we’re measuring our process is always the same:

Capture a large reference data-set of gold-standard data from the Biomechanics lab. This data synchronises lab-grade data with our wearable sensor signals.

Based on this data, we develop a novel signal-processing and/or machine-learning algorithm to derive the lab-grade analysis from the wearable data.

We then implement the algorithm in to our mobile app with a focus on ease of use and accuracy. Once deployed we constantly refine and iterate every algorithm to derive additional useful variables for coaches and athletes, improve biofeedback and constantly improve validity and reliability versus gold-standard tools. This step also involves external research being completed in world-leading academic facilities.

The result: an ever-growing diversely capable, highly valid and reliable performance tool. You can dive deeper in the Output research portfolio below.

Validity & Reliability

The body of evidence supporting our system’s validity and reliability is ever-growing. Below we provide links to research publications, conference presentations, and sample data-sets which highlight our system’s scientific underpinnings. We have divided the evidence into key sections of the system’s measures e.g. VBT, Power, movement, A-VBT etc.

PUBLISHED ACADEMIC LITERATURE

Evaluating performance of the single leg squat exercise with a single inertial measurement unit
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Evaluating squat performance with a single inertial measurement unit
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Technology in rehabilitation: evaluating the single leg squat exercise with wearable inertial measurement units
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Evaluating Performance of the Lunge Exercise with Multiple and Individual Inertial Measurement Units
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Classification of Lunge Biomechanics with Multiple and Individual Inertial Measurement Units
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Technology in S&C: Tracking Lower Limb Exercises with Wearable Sensors
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Objective Classification of Dynamic Balance Using a Single Wearable Sensor
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Classification of Deadlift Biomechanics with Wearable Inertial Measurement Units
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Binary Classification of Running Fatigue using a Single Inertial Measurement Unit
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Feature-Free Activity Classification of Inertial Sensor Data With Machine Vision Techniques: Method, Development, and Evaluation
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Mobile App to Streamline the Development of Wearable Sensor-Based Exercise Biofeedback Systems: System Development and Evaluation
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Technology in S&C: Assessing Bodyweight Squat Technique with Wearable Sensors
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Leveraging IMU data for accurate exercise performance classification and musculoskeletal injury risk screening
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Inertial Sensor Technology Can Capture Changes in Dynamic Balance Control during the Y Balance Test
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Reliability, validity and utility of inertial sensor systems for postural control assessment in sport science and medicine applications: a systematic review
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A Wearable Sensor-Based Exercise Biofeedback System: Mixed Methods Evaluation of Formulift
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Technology in Rehabilitation: Comparing Personalised and Global Classification Methodologies in Evaluating the Squat Exercise with Wearable IMUs
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The Influence of Feature Selection Methods on Exercise Classification with Inertial Measurement Units
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Determining Interrater and Intrarater Levels of Agreement in Students and Clinicians When Visually Evaluating Movement Proficiency During Screening Assessments
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Use of body worn sensors to predict ankle injuries using screening tools
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Using inertial sensors to quantify exercise performance in ankle rehabilitation: a case report
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Association of Dynamic Balance With Sports-Related Concussion: A Prospective Cohort Study
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Wearable Inertial Sensor Systems for Lower Limb Exercise Detection and Evaluation: A Systematic Review
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Reliability, Usefulness, and Validity of Field-Based Vertical Jump Measuring Devices
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Still have questions?

Reach out to our team of sports scientists.